APOLINARIO MABINI versus ILUSTRADO COLLABORATORS... MABINI & OTHER "INSURGENTS" DEPORTED TO GUAM BY U.S. ARMY (1901)

"Those who profess to favor freedom
and yet deprecate agitation
are men who want crops without 
plowing up the ground;
they want rain without thunder and
lightning.
They want the ocean without
the awful roar of its waters.
This struggle may be a moral one
or it may be a physical one
or it may be both moral and physical
but it must be a struggle.
Power concedes nothing without a
demand
It never did, and never will." – Frederick Douglass, AmericanAbolitionist, Lecturer, Author and Slave, 1817-1895)

" Fear history, for it respects no secrets" - Gregoria de Jesus (widow of Andres Bonifacio)

"To be persuasive we must be believable; to be believable we must be credible; credible we must be truthful." - Edward R. Murrow (1908-1965)

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LET US NOT KEEP OUR HEADS IN THE SAND

Hi All,

We native Filipinos, at the very least, all recognize Jose Rizal as a martyr-hero, given that all of us grew up learning about him, seeing his statue or other in our schools, town plazas, etc., and elevating him practically to a cult of personality by a few Filipinos. We know Rizal was at the forefront of the Propaganda Movement for Spanish reform in our homeland.  

Thanks to native ilustrados then who were generally elitist (as most of today's so-called educated and from exclusive Catholic schools like Rizal was) and the American colonizers (who at the time were discarding the anti-imperialist stance of their Founding Fathers), Rizal was made "the" national hero because of his more acceptable reformist and thus less threatening outlook (rather than a revolutionary one, i.e. Andres Bonifacio).

In comparison, we barely know much about Apolinario Mabini beyond being the "Dakilang Lumpo;" however with some inquiring effort, we can know/understand that Mabini moved beyond propaganda, to discover that he has actively engaged in revolutionary activities against the Spaniards and much more so thereafter, against the American invaders.  We natives ought to know more about him and other Filipino heroes. Hopefully, they are still being taught and learned in today's schools. Since we Filipinos think hierarchically, let us put Mabini way up there, if not higher, with Rizal (and Andres Bonifacio).

Apolinario Mabini has earned the title "Brains of the Revolution." Having been the chief adviser to General Emilio Aguinaldo during the revolutionary struggles against the Spaniards, the short-lived Republic established at Malolos and  the subsequent Philippine-American War. This latter war, which was years longer than the months-long Spanish-American War, was/is continually denigrated as an "insurrection" for almost a century and glossed over in school textbooks and popular history books in America, etc. 

Mabini was one of the few uncompromising patriots (another was General Antonio Luna, the ablest Filipino revolutionary soldier, who was assassinated). He was more than just a thorn in the ass of the duplicitous invading Americans (1898), then nascent imperial power and new colonial master of native Filipinos. 

Mabini believed that a foreign nation does not colonize another nation for purely altruistic reasons. Imagine seeing President McKinley doing his claimed hogwash -on his knees praying about what to do with the Islands- as narrated in school and military textbooks, etc.  Mabini was proven correct by our past and ongoing national/people's history. 

While imprisoned by the Americans, Mabini wrote many articles on independence, political rights, and against alternatives to political independence i.e.political autonomy proposed by some early opportunistic, pro-American collaborators (from the educated, wealthy class known as Filipino ilustrados like Pedro Paterno, Felipe Buencamino, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, etc.) Mabini believed in the importance of bravely expressing one's political beliefs. 

He was considered a dangerous and uncompromising insurgent who aroused enthusiasm to keep the struggle alive. When amnesty was proclaimed in June 1900, Mabini refused to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, which was the condition for release. 

Mabini was consistently opposed to other former/fellow members in the short-lived Malolos Congress who readily sold-out to the winning Americans and formed the "Partido Federal" which he labeled a "party of convenience." 

The Federalistas included such prominent/educated elite such as TH Pardo de Tavera, Cayetano Arellano, Benito Legarda, Felipe Buencamino, Tomas del Rosario, Teodoro Yangco. TH Pardo de Tavera stated that "..all the efforts of the party will be directed to the Americanization of the Filipinos and the spread of the English language... ." Many of these guys are taught in schools to be our "heroes" and our streets are named after these early quislings; subsequently emulated by many of our supposed leaders in government, military, and business, past and present. 

Unwittingly, our generations of native Filipinos are/were conditioned and grew up with a reverence for such traitors to our homeland.  And subtly worst, our generations of so-called leaders in government, military, and business perennially exhibit a beholden, mendicant, and kiss-ass behavior towards foreigners: Spaniards, Americans, Japanese, et al. then and now. Throw in the Chinese at the expense of the common good for native Malay Filipinos.

The U.S. Army under Major General Arthur MacArthur (Gen. Douglas MacArthur's dad) implemented more stringent means to facilitate the so-called ”pacification campaign" by deporting ranked revolutionists and their intellectual/nationalist sympathizers. The Army considered Mabini as one of the latter prominent people who encouraged the continuation of the revolutionary struggle, via guerrilla warfare.  It, therefore, had Mabini shipped to Guam. 

MacArthur wrote to the U.S. Senate that: "Mabini deported as most active agitator persistently and defiantly refusing amnesty and maintaining an extensive correspondence with insurgents in the field while living in Manila under protection of the United States, also for offensive statements in recent proclamation enforcing laws of war. His deportation is absolutely essential."

On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt offered another amnesty after he proclaimed that the insurrection (Philippine-American War) was over. Mabini and Gen, Artemio Ricarte refused again to take the oath of allegiance. So the two were not released and remained in exile in Guam. 

U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root stated in a letter to Pres. Roosevelt that: "...to prevent the great body of ignorant natives from being led again into the horrors of insurrection and civil war, should prevail over any sentimental consideration over this one individual (Mabini)...." 

Governor-General William H. Taft (later U.S. President Taft) wrote in 1903: "Mabini has been a consistent opponent of American sovereignty and a persistent inspirer of rebellion and insurrection. he was for a very long time the chief adviser of Aguinaldo. He has manifested much skill and cunning in his appeal to the people of the Philippine islands against the American Government and may be said to be the most prominent irreconcilable among the Filipinos. 

If he were allowed to come to Manila he would form a nucleus for all the discontented elements which he would be certain to encourage in every form of plot and conspiracy against the existing government. Nothing he writes, nothing he says, but contains unjust insinuations against the American Government and its good faith...What he desires is to be brought to Manila, because he thinks that even if imprisoned here he will form a point of concentration for the rapidly diminishing number of irreconcilables in these Islands.

I think it would be unwise to allow him to come unless he is willing in advance, by his oath of allegiance, to agree not to plot against this Government.." 

In February 1903, Mabini was formally notified that he was not a prisoner and can leave Guam to go anywhere but not land in the Philippines without taking the oath of allegiance. He could not bear dying elsewhere and so he took the oath. He died on May 13,1903  less than three months since his return from exile.

Below documents are U.S. Army deportation orders issued during the Philippine-American War, which I stumbled upon while doing a Goggle Search about Mabini.

- Bert

Reference: The excellent (analytical), well-researched book: "MABINI and the PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION" by the late U.P. Prof. Cesar Adib Majul (1960).

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U.S. ARMY ORDERS TO DEPORT MABINI et al.

HEADQUARTERS DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Manila, P. I., January 7, 1901
General Orders
No. 4.

In pursuance of authority obtained from the War Department by cable under date December 27, 1900, the following named persons, whose overt acts have clearly revealed them as in aid of, or in sympathy with, the insurrection and the irregular guerrilla warfare by which it is being maintained, and whose continued residence in these islands is, in every essential regard, inimical to the pacification thereof, will be deported at the earliest practicable date to the Island of Guam, there to be held under surveillance or in actual custody, as circumstances may require, during the further progress of hostilities and until such time as the
restoration of normal peace conditions in the Philippines has resulted in a public declaration of the termination of such hostilities:

General Officers: Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar, Maximo Hizon, Mariano Llanera, Francisco de los Santos.

Colonels: Macario de Ocampo, Esteban Consortes, Lucas Camerino, Julian Gerona.

Lieutenant Colonels: Pedro Cubarrubias, Mariano Barruga, Hermogenes Plata, Cornelio Requestis.

Major: Fabian Villaruel.

Subordinate insurgent officers: Juan Leandro Villarino, Jose Mata, Ygmidio deJesus, Alipio Tecson.

Civil officials, insurgent agents, sympathizers, and agitators: Apolinario Mabini, Pablo Ocampo, Maximino Trias, Simon Tecson, Fio Varican, Anastasio Carmona, Mariano Sevilla. Manuel E. Roxas.

Bv Command of Major General MacArthur:
THOMAS H. BARRY,
Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers,
Chief of Staff.

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Headquarters Division of the Philippines.
Manila, P. I., January 14, 1901.
Special Order No. 13

I. Lucino Almeida, a native, tried before a military commission which convened at San Fernando de la Union, Luzon, P. I., pursuant to paragraph 2, Special Orders, No. 42, series of 1900, Headquarters Department of Northern Luzon, whose sentence as promulgated in General Orders, No. 6, current series, these headquarters, was commuted to deportation to the Island of Guam, the prisoner there to remain during the continuance of the insurrection, will be sent there to the Transport Rosecrans and will be turned over to Major Henry B. Orwig, 37th Infantry, U. S. Volunteers. The quartermaster's department will furnish the necessary transportation, and the subsistence department will arrange for his subsistence while en route.

Bv Command of Major General MacArthur:

S. D. STURGIS,

Assistant Adjutant General.

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HEADQUARTERS DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Manila, P. I., January 15, 1901.
General Orders, No. 10.

In pursuance of authority obtained from the War Department by cable under date of December 27, 1900, the following named persons, whose overt acts have clearly revealed them as in aid of, or in sympathy with, the insurrection and the irregular guerrilla warfare by which it is being maintained, and whose continued residence in these islands is, in every essential regard, inimical to the pacification thereof, will be delivered to Major Henry B. Oricig, 37th Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, onboard the Transport Rosecrans, for deportation to the Island of Guam, there to be held under surveillance or in actual custody, as circumstances may require, during the further progress of hostilities and until such time as the restoration of normal peace conditions in the Philippines has resulted in a public declaration of the termination of such hostilities:

Insurgent agents, organizers, sympathizers, correspondents, collectors and officials: Silvestre Legaspi, Juan Mauricio, Doroteo Espino, Bartolome de la Rosa, Norberto Dimayuga, Jose Buenaventura and Antonio Prisco Reyes.

By Command of Major General MacArthur:
THOMAS H. BARRY,
Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers,
Chief of Staff.

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HEADQUARTERS DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Manila, P. I., January 22, 1901.
General Orders.
No. 12.

In pursuance of authority obtained from the War Department by cable under date of December 27, 1900, the following named insurgent prisoners, who were sent from the Province of Ilocos Norte, insurgent abettors, sympathizers, and agitators, who belong to the Katipunan Society and took the oath of allegiance to the Americans for the purpose of facilitating revolutionary operations and agitation, and whose continued residence in these islands is, in every essential regard, inimical to the pacification thereof, will be delivered by the Provost Marshal General on board the U. S. N. Ship Solace for deportation to the Island of Guam, to be delivered to the Governor of that island and to be held under surveillance or in actual custody, as circumstances may require, during the further progress of hostilities and until such time as the restoration of normal peace conditions in the Philippines has resulted in a public declaration of the termination of such hostilities:

Roberto Salvante, Marcelo Ouintos, Paneraeio Palting, Jayme Morales, Gavino Domingo, Leon Flores, Florencio Castro, Pedro Erando, Inocente Cayetano, Pancracio Adiarte and Faustino Adiarte.

By Command of Major General MacArthur:
THOMAS H. BARRY,
Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers
Chief of Staff.

Source: ANNUAL REPORT OF MAJOR GENERAL ARTHUR MACARTHUR, 1901, pages 13-15
(University of Toronto, Canada archives)

"A revolution is the violent means utilized by a people, in the employment of their right of sovereignty which properly belongs to them, to destroy a duly constituted government, substituting for it another in more consonance with reason and justice."
 -- Apolinario Mabini (La Revolucion Filipina, Volume 1)

"Capitalism and altruism are incompatible; they are philosophical opposites; they cannot coexist in the same man or in the same society" - Ayn Rand, 1961

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