THE FILIPINO MIND: LA LIGA FILIPINA

Wednesday, February 15, 2006

LA LIGA FILIPINA - Jose Rizal [Updated]

“In the long-run every Government is the exact symbol of its People, with their WISDOM and UNWISDOM; we have to say, Like People like Government. “ - Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881, Scottish Philosopher, Author

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PLEASE DONATE CORE SUBJECT BOOKS TO OUR HOMELAND (i.e. your hometown public schools, Alma Mater, etc.). Those books that you and/or your children do not need or want; or buy books from your local library during its cheap Book Sales. Also, cargo/door-to-door shipment is best. It is a small sacrifice. [clean up your closets or garage - donate books.THANKS!]

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" Fear history, for it respects no secrets" - Gregoria de Jesus (widow of Andres Bonifacio)

Of 533 previous posts, the following selected posts and the RECTO READER are essential about us native, Malay Filipinos and are therefore always presented in each new post. Click each to open/read

OUR FILIPINO CULTURE:

OUR PHILIPPINE ECONOMY and MILITARY: (Post-WW2 Agreements)

THE RECTO READER (Book) is presented in several postings. Click each to open/read:

NOTE: Recto's cited cases, examples or issues were of his time, of course; but realities in our homeland in the present and the foreseeable future are/expectedly much, much worse. Though I am tempted to update them with current issues, it's best to leave them as they are since Recto's paradigms about our much deepened national predicament still ring relevant, valid and true. In short, Recto saw the forest and never got lost in the trees.- Bert

Hi All,

We should always find it refreshing to review our history, even just bits and pieces of it, and to appreciate that among our recognized national heroes were reformists and revolutionaries who, in common, had social consciousness and concern about their generation and of future generations of Filipinos; and thus acted, in their own small way, towards education - for attaining a national sense of community/unity, characterized by mutual help and protection; all indications of the beginning of a sense of nationhood.

There are among us Filipinos, more aptly described as Americanized Filipinos, and foreigners arrogantly and impatiently telling us to "move on," "forget history, past is past," or claim that nationalism is anachronistic and for the birds.

Obviously not realizing that in this age of so-called globalization, nationalism is actually on the rise in much of the world --even among the ultra-nationalists (imperialists). Nationalism is the main impediment to globalization, aka neocolonialism.

We should tell them, especially such fellow Filipinos unaware of our "damaged culture," that we can not move forward with all the heavy cultural baggage we have, which we have to look into, sort out and dispose of. It is only after disposing all those historical myths, lies and ignorance we absorbed in our minds and hearts can we understand how: we became what we are today; can we decide on/plan for our course of action/direction and can we decisively act to reach our national destination: national sovereignty and the common good.

Here-under are two short extracts about the "La Liga Filipina." One from the historical book by Renato Constantino and another, from Teodoro Agoncillo.

[Also.shown below is the Liga's Constitution as authored by Jose Rizal in the original Spanish version as downloaded from Project Gutenberg; which I then converted from Spanish to English, using the automatic Google Translate tool. Translation needs some minor refinement for smoother readability -

- Bert

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Rizal's Liga
by Prof. Renato Constantino

When upon his return to the Philippines in July, 1892, Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina, this constituted a forward step in the reformist ideas of the times in the sense that the new group sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement. Many elements of society who were anxious for change were attracted to the Liga, among them, Andres Bonifacio who became one of the founders of the organization.

As listed in the constitution Rizal prepared, the Liga's aims were:

To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body;
Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
Study and application of reforms.

As Rizal envisioned it, the league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives. These were innocent, even naive objectives that could hardly alleviate the social ills of those times, but the Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on July 6, 1892, a scant four days after the Liga was organized.

With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga became inactive until, through the efforts of Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was reorganized. Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of the Supreme Council. Upon his suggestion, the organization decided to declare its support for La Solidaridad and the reforms it advocated, raise funds for the paper, and defray the expenses of deputies advocating reforms for the country before the Spanish Cortes.

The Split

At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters in various districts of Manila. A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.

The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular councils which Bonifacio had organized were no longer willing to send funds to the Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio, they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile.

Afraid that the more radical rank and file members might capture the organization and unwilling to involve themselves in an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted for dissolution.

The Liga membership split into two groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the Katipunan, which Bonifacio had organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.

from the book: "The Philippines: A Past Revisited," by the late Renato Constantino

Source: http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/liga.html

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La Liga Filipina
- Prof.Teodoro A. Agoncillo

Almost simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in the Philippines, a civic society called La Propaganda was established. Its members, composed mostly, if not exclusively, of the middle class, contributed money to defray the expenses of the Filipino reformers in Spain who were waging a campaign to obtain political concessions from the Mother Country. The funds collected were forwarded to the Hispano-Filipino Association. In time, however, the funds of the organization were malversed, and the society passed out of existence.

At this juncture, Rizal stepped into the picture and proposed the founding of another civic society. He had prepared a constitution for this society while at Hong Kong and now he thought that the time has come for concrete action.

On the night of July 3, 1892, at a house in Tondo, Rizal founded and inaugurated La Liga Filipina. Elected were Ambrosio Salvador (President); Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal); Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer) and Deodato Arellano (Secretary).

* ********* *

The aims of the Liga were to be carried out through the creation of a governing body composed of the Supreme Council, the Provincial Council, and the Popular Council. The members were each to pay ten centavos as monthly dues. Each of the members was free to choose a symbolic name for himself.

The funds of the society were to be used in the following manner:

The member or his son who, while not having the means shall show application and great capacity, shall be sustained;
The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person;
The member who shall have suffered any loss shall be aided;
Capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for an industry or agriculture;
The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the country, shall be favored; and
Shops, stores, and establishment shall be opened where the members may be accommodated move economically than elsewhere.

Innocent as the society was, the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous and on the night of July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal's deportation to Dapitan.

The Liga languished for a while, but some members continued to support it. The aims remained the same, but it was agreed that all should contribute toward the support of La Solidaridad in Spain.

Domingo Franco was elected President; Deodato Arellano, Secretary-Treasurer; Isidro Francisco, Fiscal; Juan Zulueta and Timoteo Paez, members of the Supreme Council. Later on, Mabini became the Liga's Secretary.

from the book: "History of the Filipino People" by Teodoro A. Agoncillo

Source: http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/liga.html

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LA LIGA FILIPINA
(in Spanish as authored by Dr. Jose Rizal)


Produced by Tamiko I. Rollings, Pilar Somoza and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Special
thanks to Jim Richardson for providing the material for
this project. Handog ng Proyektong Gutenberg ng Pilipinas
para sa pagpapahalaga ng panitikang Pilipino.
(http://www.gutenberg.ph)


ESTATUTO DE LA L. F.

_Adoptado para la pronta consecucion de los fines propuestos._

1892.


L. F. * * *

FÍNES:


1. Unir todo el A. * * * en un cuerpo compacto, vigoroso y homogéneo.

2. Proteccion mútua en todo apuro y necesidad.

3. Defensa contra toda violencia é injusticia.

4. Fomento de la instruccion, agricultura, industria y comercio.

5. Estudio y aplicacion de reformas.


LEMA: V. I. O.
SIGNO: * * *



FORMA:

1. Para poner en práctica estos fines, se crearán Cp. * C. P. * y un C.
S. * que residirá en la Capital del Archipiélago ó en donde mejor
convenga á los intereses de la L. F. *

2. Cada C. * constará de un P. * F. * T. * S. * y A. *

3. El C. S. * constará de P. * y seis consejeros supremos F. * T. *
y S. * asi como el C. P. * solo se compondrá de un G. P. * con F. * T. *
y S. *

4. El C. S. * manda sobre toda la L. F. * y se entienda directamente con
los G. P. * y Gp. *

5. El C. P. * manda sobre los Gp. *

6. El Cp. * solo manda sobre los A. *

7. Cada C. P. * y Cp. * adopta un nombre diferente del de la localidad ó
region.



DEBERES:


DE LOS A. *

1. Pagará dos pesos de una sola vez, como cuota de entrada, y cincuenta
céntimos de peso, como cuota mensual, desde el mes de su ingreso.

2. Con la conciencia del que debe á su pátria, para cuya prosperidad y
por el bienestar que debe ambicionar para sus padres, hijos, hermanos y
seres queridos que le rodean, debe sacrificar todo interes personal y
obedecerá ciega y puntualmente todo mandato, toda disposicion, de
palabra ó por escrito, que emane de su C. * ó del G. P. *

3. Participará inmediatamente y sin perder momento á las autoridades de
su C. * todo cuanto vea, note ú oíga que constituya peligro para la
tranquilidad de la L. F. * ó algo que de ella se refiera, procurando con
empeño ser sincero, veráz y minucioso, en todo aquello que trate de
comunicar.

4. Guardará el secreto mas absoluto á los profanos, aunque éstos fuesen
sus padres, hermanos, hijos, etc., á costa de su propia vida, los hechos
actos y decisiones de su C. * y de la L. F. * en general, siendo el
medio para conseguir lo que el A. * mas ama en la vida.

5. En todos los actos de la vida concederá la preferencia á los otros A.
* no comprará sino en la tienda de un A. * ó cuando algo le venda, lo
hará con rebaja. En igualdad de circunstancias siempre favorecerá al
A. * Toda infraccion de este artículo será severamente castigada * * *

6. El A. * que pudiéndolo no socorra á otro en caso de apuro ó peligro,
será castigado y se le impondrá cuando menos la misma pena que el otro
ha padecido.

7. Cada A. * á su afiliacion adoptará un nombre nuevo á su eleccion y no
podrá cambiarlo mientras no sea Gp. *

8. Aportará á cada C. * un trabajo, una observacion, un estudio ó un
nuevo aspirante.

9. No se someterá á ninguna humillacion ni tratará á nadie con altanería
y desprecio.


DEL G. *

1. Velará por la prosperidad y por la vida de su C. * conocerá de
memoria los nombres simbólicos y verdaderos de todos los G. * de los C.
P. * y Cp. * si él es el G. S. * Los G. P. * tienen la obligacion de
conocer el nombre simbólico del G. S. * y el verdadero; de igual manera
el de los Gp. * de su respectivo C. P. * El Gp. * estará obligado en los
mismos términos con respecto á su G. P. * y ademas el de todos los A. *
que estuviese dentro de su C. *

2. Estudiará constantemente los medios para unir á sus subordinados y
ponerlos en rápida comunicacion.

3. Estudiará y remediará las necesidades de la L. F. * del G. P. * ó del
Gp. * segun sea G. S. * ó G. P. *

4. Atenderá cuantas observaciones, comunicaciones y peticiones se le
hagan y las pondrá inmediatamente en conocimiento de quien corresponda.

5. En el pelígro será el primero y es el primer responsable de cuanto
acontesca dentro de su C. *

6. Dará ejemplo de subordinacion á los G. * superiores para que sea
obedecido de sus subordinados.

7. Verá en el último A. * la personificacion de toda la L. F. *

8. Las faltas de las autoridades, se castigan con mas severidad que las
de los simples A. *

9. Es indiscutible mientras no proceda acusacion del F. *

10. A falta de tiempo y ocasion, puede obrar por sí y ante sí quedando
no obstante, en responder á los cargos que se le puedan hacer.

11. Dentro del C. * és el juez de toda cuestion ó litigio que hubiere
entre los A. *

12. Es el único que está facultado para conocer los verdaderos nombres
de sus A. * ó subordinados.

13. Amplias facultades para organizar los detalles de las reuniones,
comunicaciones y empresas para su eficacia, seguridad y rapidez.

14. Cuando un C. * sea bastante numeroso puede el G. P. * crear otros
sub-C. * nombrando primero las autoridades. Una vez constituidos, les
dejará elegirlos segun reglamento.

15. Todo G. P. * está facultado para fundar un C. * en un pueblo donde
aun no lo hubiere, participándolo despues al C. S. * Los G. P. * y
todos los G. * de los C. * establecidos en los arrabales de Manila ó en
los pueblos que comprende la provincia en que resida el C. S. * son los
únicos llamados á nombrar al S. *


DEL F. *

1. El F. * velará porque todos cumplan con su deber.

2. Acusará con motivos justificativos ante el C. * toda infraccion ó
incumplimiento observado en cualquier miembro del C. * sin distincion de
gerarquia.

3. Pondrá en conocimiento del C. * todo peligro ó persecusion.

4. Examinará el estado de los fondos del C. *

5. Hacer salir ó comparecer á todo acusado mientras se expone el caso en
el C. *

6. Puede en cualquiera ocasion examinar los registros y los libros de
contabilidad.


DEL T. *

1. Llevará en un registro los nombres nuevos de los A. * que forman su
C. *

2. Rendirá al P. * con el G. * estricta cuenta cada mes de las cuotas
recibidas, anotadas por los mismos A. * con sus contraseñas
particulares, como tambien de los gastos.

3. Dará un recibo y hará que lo note en el registro con el mismo puño y
letra del donante todo donativo que exceda de un peso y no pase de
cincuenta pesos.

4. El Tp. * conservará en la caja del Cp. * la tercera parte de las
cuotas de cada mes recogidas para las necesidades del mismo. El resto lo
entregará al T. P. * enseñándole su registro y escribiendo él mismo en
el registro de T. P. * la cantidad entregada. El T. P. * dará entonces
un recibo, y si está conforme con las cuentas, pondrá en el registro del
otro su visto bueno. Iguales procedimientos se seguirán cuando el T. P.
* entregue fondos al T. S. *

5. El T. P. * retendrá de las cantidades á él entregadas por los Tp. *
una décima parte del total de cada mes para los gastos del C. P. *

6. Cuando algun A. * quiera dar á la L. F. * una suma que exeda de
cincuenta pesos, los entregará en depósito á cualquiera de los T. * que
mejor le parezca, exigiéndo un recibo del depósito, que remitirá al C.
S. * por conducto del G. P. * ó directamente si lo estima conveniente.

7. Antes de disponer de los fondos en una necesidad urgente é imperiosa
de algun A. * ó de algun C. * consultará con su P. * y F. * y sin órden
ni autorizacion de éstos le está prohibido hacer pagos y abonos; caso de
obrar en contrario, responderá de la cantidad y de su conducta ante el
tribunal de la L. F. *


DEL S. *

1. Dará cuenta en cada reunion de lo que se ha dispuesto, y anunciará
lo que se haya de hacer.

2. Redactar la correspondencia del C. *

3. En caso de ausencia ó imposibilidad absoluta del P. * del C. * y para
facilitar la rapidez del despacho de los asuntos que no admiten espera,
sustituirá al P. * en todas las funciones y con las mismas facultades en
que se halla investido; caso de que la ausencia del P. * fuese
indefinida dará cuenta inmediatamente al G. * inmediato para convocar al
F. * y T. * con quienes deliberará al caso para proceder á la eleccion
del P. *


DERECHOS DEL A. *

1. Todo A. * que justifique plenamente su necesidad tiene derecho al
socorro moral, material y pecuniario de su C. * y de la L. F. *

2. Podrá exigir que todos los A. * le favorescan en su comercio ó
profesion siempre que ofrezca tantas garantias como los otros. Cuando un
A. * desea pasarse á una provincia ó pueblo para asuntos propios ó del
C. * en los cuales, no cuenta con ninguna clase de relaciones
personales, solicitará del G. * de su C. * una carta de recomendacion
personal para el C. * de la provincia ó pueblo de su itinerario. Si el
G. * á quien se ha digirido el A. * tampoco contara medios, puede
solicitarla del G. P. * quien á su vez se dirijirá al G. S. * dado el
caso de que los dos G. * primeros no puedan satisfacerlos. Para esta
proteccion, transmitirá á su Gp. * su nombre verdadero y sus
condiciones para que éste lo pase al G. S. * y quien por los medios
idoneos, lo hará saber á todos los A. * de la L. F. *

3. En cualquier apuro, agravio ó injusticia, el A. * puede invocar todo
el socorro de la L. F. *

4. Podrá pedir prestado capital para una empresa cualquiera, siempre que
en la caja haya fondos disponibles y suficientes, para no estar
desatendidas las atenciones del C. *

5. De todos los establecimientos ó miembros sostenidos directamente por
la L. F. * podrá exigir rebaja en los artículos ó servicios que se le
hicieren.

6. Ningún. A. * será juzgado sin que antes se le permita la defensa.


INVERSION DE LOS FONDOS.

1. Se sostendrá al afiliado ó á su hijo, que no teniendo medios,
demuestre aplicacion y grandes facultades para el trabajo y al estudio.

2. Se sostendrá al pobre A. * en su derecho contra algun poderoso.

3. Se socorrerá al A. * que haya venido á menos.

4. Le prestará Capital al A. * que lo necesite, para una industria ó
agricultura.

5. Se favorecerá la introduccion de máquinas é industrias nuevas ó
necesarias en el pais.

6. Se abrirán tiendas, almacenes, establecimientos en donde los A. *
puedan surtirse mas económicamente que en otra parte.

7. El G. S. * tiene amplia facultad para disponer de los fondos en
casos apurados, siempre que despues dé cuenta ante el C. S. *


DISPOSICIONES GENERALES.

1. Para que fuese admitido un A. * á la L. F. * es preciso, que el
aspirante poseyese moralidad, buenas costumbres; no haber sido procesado
justificadamente como ladron, no ser jugador, borracho ni libertino. El
aspirante deberá pretender y solicitar de un A. * su ingreso y éste lo
comunicará al F. * para las averiguaciones necesarias respecto de su
conducta.

2. No obstante del artículo anterior, ninguno será admitido sin previa
votacion del C. * satisfecha á las pruebas á que se halla sugeto el
neofito.

3. Los A. * eligen al Pp. * Tp. * Fp. * ; los tres al Sp. * Las
autoridades Pp. * eligen al G. P. * F. * y T. * los tres al S. P. * Las
P. P. * eligen al G. S. * F. S. * y T. S. * y éstos eligen al S. S. *

4. Los cargos caducan cada dos años, salvo cuando haya acusacion del
F. *

5. Para obtener los cargos se necesitan las tres cuartas partes de los
votos de los presentes.

6. Cada vez que se admita á un A. * el Gp. * solo comunica al G. P. *
con su nombre nuevo y el antiguo; lo mismo cuando se funda un nuevo C. *

7. Las comunicaciones en tiempo ordinario, deben llevar sus nombres
simbólicos, tanto del que firma como del destinatario y el curso que
sigue és, del A. * al Gp. * de éste al G. P. * ó al G. S. * y viceversa.
Solo en casos extraordinarios pueden salvarse estas formalidades; no
obstante, en todo tiempo y lugar el G. S. * puede dirigirse directamente
á cualquiera.

8. No es menester que todos los miembros de un C. * estén presentes para
que las decisiones tengan validez; basta que se halle presente la mitad
y una de las autoridades.

9. En los momentos críticos cada C. * se considerará como la
salvaguardia de la L. F. * y si por una causa ú otra se disolviesen los
demas ó desaparecieren, cada C. * cada G. * cada A. * tomará sobre sí la
mision de reorganizarlos y reconstituirlos.

10. El C. S. * está plenamente facultado para subsanar todas las
deficiencias que se noten, en el presente estatuto, y agregar otras
disposiciones no previstas en el mismo, necesarias é imprecindibles para
el fomento y desarrollo de la L. F. *

11. Cuando de entre los A. * surjan cuestiones entre sí por causas de
intereses materiales ú ofensas personales, el agraviado ú ofendido debe
dirijirse en queja al P. * de su C. * quien ordenará la formacion de un
jurado, que fallará la cuestion.

12. Cuando el A. * notare parcialidad en el tribunal de su Cp. * y no se
conforma en la sentencia alli dictada, puede acudir en apelacion al C.
P. * y hasta al C. S. * haciendo para estos casos los tramites de
gerarquia en gerarquia.

13. Los fallos del tribunal del C. S. * no admiten ya apelacion; pues,
son irrevocables.

14. Queda terminantemente prohibido á todos los A. * de la L. F. *
someter á las autoridades judiciales y gubernativas toda clase de
asuntos que surjan entre A. * Toda infraccion en este sentido, será
severísimamente castigada.

15. Fuera del recinto del C. * y de todo aquello que no afecte á la
disciplina de la L. F. * en general, en el trato social se considerarán
como si fuesen hermanos carnales todos los A. * desde el G. S. * hasta
el último A. * de todos los C. * de la L. F. * ; con tan fraternal
motivo, todos están obligados á defender mútuamente los intereses de los
A. * condoler y aliviar las desgracias; porque lo que sufre y padece un
A. deben conceptuarse que las sufren y padecen todos.


_FIN._


London Printing Press.

_No. 25, Khulug Street,_

LONDON.


 End of Project Gutenberg's Estatuto de la L.F (Liga Filipina), by Jose Rizal

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESTATUTO DE LA L.F (LIGA FILIPINA) ***

Source: 
http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/20855/pg20855.txt


*****************************

ENGLISH VERSION:


STATUTE
THE
L. F.

_Adoptado For the early attainment of the purposes propuestos._
1892.



L. F. * * *

PURPOSE:

1. Join all the A. * * * In a compact, powerful and smooth.

2. Mutual protection in every need and want.

3. Defense against all violence and injustice.

4. Development of instruction, agriculture, industry and commerce.

5. Study and application of reforms.

MOTTO: V. I. O.SIGN: * * *


FORM:

1. To implement these goals will be created Cp. * C. P. * And C.S. * Will reside in the capital of the archipelago or where best appropriate to the interests of the L. F. *

2. Each C. * Consist of a P. * F. * T. * S. * And A. *

3. The C. S. * Consist of P. * And six directors supreme F.* T. *and S. * And C. P. * Only be composed of a G. P. * With F.* T. *and S. *

4. The C. S. * Sends over all the L. F. * And understood directly the G. P. * And Gp. *

5. The C. P. * Sends on Gp. *

6. The Cp. * Only orders on A. *

7. Each C. P. * And Cp. * Takes a different name from the town or region.

DUTIES:

OF A. *

1. Pay two dollars at one time, as entry fee, and fifty cent by weight, such as monthly, from the month of admission.

2. With the conscience of his country must, for whose prosperity and the well-being should aspire to their fathers, sons, brothers and loved ones around him, he must sacrifice all personal interest and promptly obey any mandate blind, any provision of verbally or in writing, which stems from its C. * Or of G. P. *

3. Participate immediately and without losing time to the authorities of the C. * See everything, notice or hear that constitute a hazard to the tranquility of the L. F. * Or something that concerns her, trying to commitment to be honest, truthful and thorough in everything that tries to communicate.

4. Most absolute secrecy to outsiders, although they were parents, siblings, children, etc.., at the expense of his own life, the facts acts and decisions of its C. * And L. F. * In general, with what it means to A. * Loves most in life.

5. In all actions of life granted preference to the other A.* Will not buy at the store but an A. * Or when something sells, it will be on sale. Being equal will always favor the A. * Any breach of this section shall be severely punished * * *

6. The A. * That no helper pudiéndolo (?) to another in case of trouble or danger,will be punished and he shall be at least the same penalty as the other has suffered.

7. Each A. * Their membership adopt a new name and not his choice can not change it while Gp. *

8. Give each C. * A job, an observation, a study or a new applicant.

9. Not subject to any humiliation or treat anyone with arrogance and contempt.

G. *

1. Ensure the prosperity and life of C. * Know of memory symbolic and real names of all G. * Of the C.P. * And Cp. * If he is the G. S. * The G. P. * Have the obligation to know the symbolic name of G. S. * And the true, the same way that of Gp. * From the respective C. P. * The Gp. * Be bound in the same terms with respect to its G. P. * And also that of all the A. *that was within their C. *

2. Constantly explore ways to connect to their subordinates and them in quick communication.

3. Consider and address the needs of the L. F. * G. P. * Or theGp. * As may be G. S. * Or G. P. *

4. Attend as many observations, communications and petitions will made and shall immediately notify the person concerned.

5. The danger will be the first and is the primary responsibility as a contesca (?) within its C *

6. Give an example of subordination to the G. * Higher to be subordinates obeyed.

7. Seen in the last A. * The personification of all the L. F. *

8. The faults of the authorities, are punished more severely than the simple A. *

9. It is undisputed until appropriate accusation of F. *

10. A lack of time and occasion, can work by itself and before leaving however, in answer to the charges that might come up.

11. Within the C. * Is the judge of any issues or disputes which have between the A. *

12. He alone is entitled to know the real names of the A. * Or subordinates.

13. Broad powers to organize the details of the meetings,and communications companies for their efficacy, safety and speed.

14. When a C. * Can be quite large G. P. * Create othersub-C. * Appointing authorities first. Once formed, they will choose them according to regulations.

15. All G. P. * Is authorized to establish a C. * In a town where not even any, participated after the C. S. * The G. P. * Andall G. * Of the C. * Set in the slums of Manila or inpeople comprising the province of residence of the C. S. * Are the single call to appoint S. *

THE F. *

1. The F. * Shall ensure that all do their duty.

2. Charged with supporting reasons to the C. * Any breach or failure observed in any member of C. * Without distinction ofgerarquia.(?)

3. Shall inform the C. * Any danger or persecution.

4. Review the status of the funds of C. *

5. Make out or brought to an accused while the case is exposed C. *

6. You can at any occasion to examine the records and books accounting.

THE T. *

1. Recorded in a new names of A. * That form itsC. *

2. Render to P. * With G. * Strict account fees each month received, recorded by the same A. * With your passwords individuals, as well as expenses.

3. Will give a receipt and note it on the record with the same fist and donor's point all donations in excess of a weight not exceeding fifty dollars.

4. The Tp. * Retained in the case of Cp. * The third of the monthly fees collected for the needs thereof. The rest delivered to the T. P. * Registration and writing teaching himself inT. registration P. * The quantity delivered. T. P. * Will then a receipt, and if you agree with the accounts, registration will other approval. The same procedures were followed when the T. P.* Deliver funds to the T. S. *

5. T. P. * Retain the amounts given to him by Tp. *tenth of the total each month for the expenses of C. P. *

6. When some A. * Want to give to the L. F. * A sum of exed a fifty dollars, will deliver on deposit to any of the T. * That you see fit, ask for a receipt of deposit, to be sent to C.S. * Through G. P. * Or directly if you wish.

7. Before disposing of the funds in an urgent and compelling of some A. * Or of some C. * Check with P. * And F. * And no order or authorization of these payments is prohibited and fertilizers, if doing otherwise, be liable for the amount and behavior to theCourt of L. F. *

CENTURY *

1. He will report at each meeting of what has been prepared, and announce what has been done.

2. C. Compose correspondence *

3. In case of absence or absolute impossibility P. * Of C. * And facilitate the rapid dispatch of business that do not support waitingr eplace P. * In all the same functions and powers that is vested, if the absence of P. * Was indefinite notified forthwith by G. * Immediately to convene the F. * And T. * With whom deliberate the case to proceed to the election P. *

RIGHTS A. *

1. All A. * To fully justify their need is entitled to relief moral, material and pecuniary of C. * And L. F. *

2. It may require that all A. * Favore (?)can him in his trade or profession if it offers many guarantees as the others.When a A. * Want to go to a province or town to themselves or the issuesC. * In which, it has no relationship whatsoever personal request of G. * From the C. * A letter of recommendation personnel for the C. * Of the province or town of your itinerary. If theG. * Who has been digested A. * Means not tell, you can request of G. P. * Who in turn will lead you to G. S. * Given the If the two G. * Former could not satisfy them. For this protection, send your GP. * Your real name and his the conditions for it to go to G. S. * And who in the media appropriate, it shall to all A. * Of L. F. *

3. In any trouble, grievance or injustice, A. * Can invoke all relief of L. F. *

4. You can borrow capital for any company, provided that in the box and sufficient funds are available, not to beneglected the care of C. *

5. Of all the establishments or held directly by members L. F. * May require lowering of the articles or services to begive it.

6. No. A. * Be tried without first defense is allowed.

INVESTMENT OF FUNDS.

1. They hold the member or his son, not having means,show application and great abilities for work and study.

2. A. It will hold the poor * In their right against any powerful.

3. It succor to A. * Unless you came.

4. We provide capital to A. * You need for an industry or agriculture.

5. It will promote the introduction of machines and new industries or needed in the country.

6. Will open stores, warehouses, establishments where A.*likely to work better economically than elsewhere.

7. The G. S. * Have broad authority to provide funds hurry cases, provided that after the account with the C. S. *

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

1. To be admitted to an A. * To the L. F. * It is necessary that the applicant possess morality, good manners, not being processed justified as a thief, not player, drunkard or libertine. The applicant must claim and request an A. * Your income and what it communicated to F. * To the necessary inquiries with respect to its conduct.

2. Notwithstanding the preceding article, none will be accepted without prior vote of the C. * Satisfied the test requirements is sugeto the neophyte.

3. The A. * Choose the Pp * Tp. * Fp. *; All three at Sp * ThePp * elect the authorities G. P. * F. * And T. * Three to S.P. * TheP. P. * Choose to G. S. * F. S. * And T. S. * And they choose to S. S. *

4. The positions expire every two years, except as accusation of F. *

5. For fees required three-fourths of thevote of those present.

6. Each time you admitted to an A. * The Gp. * Only communicated to G. P. *with old and new name, the same when it founds a new C.*

7. Ordinary time communications should get their names symbolic signing as both the recipient and the course still is, the A. * To Gp. * Of it to G. P. * Or the G. S. * And vice versa.Only in rare cases can save these formalities are not However, at any time, anywhere G. S. * Can directlyto anyone.

8. It is not necessary that all members of a C. * Be present todecisions to be valid, it is enough that is present in half and one of the authorities.

9. At critical times each C. * Should be taken as safeguarding L. F. * And if for one reason or another were dissolved desaparecieren or other, each C. * Each G. * Each A. * Take upon him mission to reorganize and reconstitute.

10. The C. S. * Is fully empowered to address all deficiencies are noticed in the present statute, and add other provisions not in the same, necessary and imprecindibles(?) to the promotion and development of L. F. *

11. When from the A. * Each other questions arise for reasons of material interest or a personal offense, the injured or offended should go complain to P. * From the C. * Who ordered the formation of a jury, the question will fail.

12. When the A. * Note bias in the court of Cp. * And notthere forms in the sentence imposed, may appeal in the C.P. * And up to C. S. * Doing the paperwork for these cases ofgerarquia (?) in gerarquia.

13. The decisions of the court of C. S. * Do not support and appeal, for,are irrevocable.

14. It is forbidden to all A. * Of L. F. *subject to judicial and governmental authorities of all kinds matters arising between A. * Any breach in this regard, it will severest punishment.

15. Outside the enclosure of the C. * And all that does not affect the L. discipline F. * In general, in social intercourse is considered as if they were blood brothers all A. * From the G. S. * Tothe last A. * Of all C. * Of L. F. *;

With such fraternal Therefore, all are bound to defend each other's interests A. * Commiserate and relieve the misery, because it suffers and suffers A. be conceptualized who suffer and suffer all.

_FIN._

London Printing Press.
_No. 25, Khulug Street, _
LONDON.

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Bert M. Drona

FILIPINO NATIONALISM -is the bottom line;sine-qua-non for the common good of the native (Malay/Indio)Filipino majority. Nationalism must precede any plan/action in dealing with globalization. EDUCATION- being educated is beyond just being schooled towards a profession or practical vocation; we need the Humanities/liberal arts to develop/apply CRITICAL ANALYSIS/THINKING to understand, identify, plan, act & safeguard the needed fundamental and/or systemic changes towards economic/political progress, social justice, and social transformation. GOVERNMENT - its raison d'etre is to lead/serve the native majority, foster nationalism via its institutions, ensure the masses are critically literate to have real democracy. FREEDOM & DISSENT - free thought is necessarily aggressive and critical; we protect the freedom to discover truth; we encourage dissent, not for sentimental reasons, but because we cannot live without it. PATRIOTISM is NOT: " My country, right or wrong;" but " if right, to be kept right; if wrong, to be set right!" RELIGION/BELIEFS: No Deus ex Machina. No established religion. Humanism/Existentialism.

Wednesday, February 15, 2006

LA LIGA FILIPINA - Jose Rizal [Updated]

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